多臂空间机器人的视觉伺服与协调控制

针对多臂空间机器人自主目标抓捕任务，首先建立多臂空间机器人的运动模型和其与目标的相对运动模型，采用Kane方法建立多臂空间机器人的动力学模型；其次，研究基于视觉伺服的机械臂在线轨迹规划算法，并引入零反作用机动，消除机械臂运动对平台姿态的扰动；再次，在不使用零反作用机动功能时，分别使用基于角动量前馈补偿的协调控制算法和逆动力学方法设计了协调控制器，在机械臂运动时保持平台姿态和相对目标的位置。最后，开发了基于Matlab的仿真软件MASS（多臂空间机器人仿真），仿真结果校验了上述方法的有效性。     

Optimization of multiple-impulse minimum-time rendezvous with impulse constraints using a hybrid genetic algorithm

The minimum-time multiple-impulse rendezvous with impulse constraints is investigated in this paper. Based on the Clohessy–Wiltshire (C–W) equations, an optimization model including several different kinds of impulse constraints such as the maximum impulse magnitude, the total velocity change magnitude and the time of imposing impulse for multiple-impulse minimum-time rendezvous is established. A generalized inverse matrix solution for linear equation is applied to avoid handling the terminal equality constraints. In order to obtain the global solution efficiently, a hybrid optimizer combining the advantages of a floating-coded genetic algorithm and simplex method is employed. A low-earth orbit multiple-impulse rendezvous problem is used as an example. The influence of the number of impulses, the optimization variables and the constraints on the solution is analyzed, and the different optimization algorithms are compared. Results indicate our proposed model and approach is effective in designing linearized minimum-time rendezvous trajectory with impulse constraints.     

双转盘偏心槽球体研磨均匀性定量评价方法

硬质合金球在航空航天、石油矿业等领域有着广泛应用，其研磨方法一直是研究的热点。评价硬质合金球研磨均匀性是研究其加工方法的一种主要手段。为进一步提高研磨均匀性评价方法的准确性，考虑表面原始形貌和研磨压力的影响，本文采用单因素实验法，使用MATLAB数学分析软件推导了球体研磨的材料去除方程，并结合材料去除方程提出了双转盘偏心V形槽球体研磨均匀性的定量评价方法与仿真模型。采用正交实验，对研磨均匀性定量评价方法进行了实验验证。实验表明，双转盘偏心V形槽球体研磨均匀性定量评价方法能够有效预测研磨压力、上盘转速和下盘转速对研磨效果的影响。     

近地卫星严格回归轨道保持控制

研究了近地卫星基于严格回归参考轨道的轨道保持控制方法：将卫星编队理论引入单星绝对轨道保持控制,提出了"虚拟卫星编队"的概念,分析了卫星轨道相对于参考空间轨迹在轨道摄动情况下的偏离状态及变化趋势,然后根据卫星编队相对运动学,推导出了偏离状态与虚拟卫星编队构形参数之间的对应关系,并设计了以轨道参数超调、偏置及阈值触发为特征的管道保持控制策略。数值仿真结果表明,使用该控制策略能够将卫星轨道保持在以空间参考轨迹为中心的轨道管道内,并且有效减少了因周期性轨道摄动波动造成的管道保持控制量和控制频次。研究成果对于有空间轨迹回归要求的卫星轨道保持控制具有指导意义。     

一种地球紫外中心快速提取方法

针对地球紫外中心指向高精度提取问题,提出一种基于梯度统计的快速、低存储需求的紫外地平圆盘中心提取算法。首先,考虑到星载计算机与高内存消耗的滤波算法、实时导航需求的冲突,采用结合Sobel边缘算子与局部二值模式（LBP）算子的改进边缘快速提取方法,有效剔除背景噪声并准确提取地球紫外临边特征。然后对非完整临边边缘采用最小二乘拟合得到中心的精确位置。实验结果表明,该方法抗噪声,可实现亚像素级地球中心提取,并显著降低存储需求和计算时间开销。对于1046×746的图像,该算法需要的存储空间仅为1100kByte,运算时间在20ms内,满足自主导航的需求。     

基于纵向滤波的星敏感器低频误差在线估计

多敏感器数据融合是获得更高精度姿态测量的有效方法，敏感器数据融合前必须先修正低频误差。首先，介绍了星敏感器低频误差（LFE）的产生机理及对其在线估计的必要性。其次，针对传统算法的不足，提出了基于纵向滤波的低频误差在线估计算法，该算法将传统低频误差估计问题转化为若干个常值误差估计问题，提高了估计精度。最后，给出了该算法具体实施方式，说明相关参数物理意义及选取原则。通过理论分析及仿真，算法误差可忽略不计。通过在轨数据仿真，星敏感器轨道周期低频误差可被消除。     

Lunar lander's three-dimensional translation and yaw rotation motion estimation during a descent phase using optical navigation

Optical navigation for a lunar lander consists of estimating a lander's 3-dimensional (3-D) relative dynamic motion with respect to a preselected landing site using a passive 2-dimensional (2-D) video image sequence. Lunar landing missions require a lander to perform an autonomous accurate landing with simple mechanical structure, easy operation and low cost. These requirements have motivated the need to develop an advanced navigation system. Existing navigation systems trade-off simplicity, accuracy and cost. High accuracy navigation systems typically imply complexity and high cost. In this paper, we consider a scenario where the descending phase starts from an initial altitude of 10 km with a time-of-descent of 100 s. The navigation camera is an off-the-shelf optical instrument used to take the video image sequence of the landing site during the landing phase. It is fed into the motion estimation algorithm to be processed. The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is used to analyse each image frame of the input digital video image sequence. The output is a 2-D video image motion trajectory map, which represents the projection motion of the landing site. The 2-D video image motion is projected back to the 3-D lander's relative motion based on a geometric analysis. The outputs of this estimation algorithm are the 3-D attitude motion parameters of the lander at a time corresponding to an image being taken. The attitude determination and control system (ADCS) of the lander uses these data to perform the lander's attitude control task. In this article, we provide the motion modelling for a lunar lander during the descending phase. The projection of a 3-D planar to 2-D image plane is analysed which build the correspondence between the 3-D lander's motion and the 2-D image motion. This link provides the evidence for the geometry analysis. CWT is reviewed and CWT for video image sequence analysis is also introduced. Numerical simulation of the estimated 2-D video image sequence under the lander performing a 3-D translation and yaw rotation during the terminal descent are shown to verify the proposed concepts. The analysis of the results show that the proposed method achieves highly accurate 2-D video image motion estimation of less then 1% error with significant savings of cost, mass and volume. It leads to the accurate estimation of the lander's 3-D relative motion with respect to the landing site.     

碳纤维基底真空沉积涂层耐温度循环性能加速试验方法研究

为了考核某低地球轨道卫星微波探测类载荷碳纤维基底天线反射器的真空沉积涂层在轨承受高低温循环的能力,以确保该涂层在轨经历频繁高低温循环后的性能仍满足产品在轨工作要求,提出基于航天产品环境应力筛选建立温度循环加速因子模型的试验方法,并开展不同规格试件的温度循环加速试验。按等效在轨8年寿命,在试验前、试验中和等效寿命延长约1/3后共进行14次试件涂层外观检查和热控性能箱外测试,结果表明涂层外观完好,太阳吸收比和发射吸收比均符合指标要求,耐温度循环性能优异,满足在轨使用要求。     

事件触发机制下的充液航天器姿态控制

针对液体大幅晃动、通信资源受限的充液航天器姿态控制系统，提出一种自适应滑模控制与事件触发机制相结合的控制策略。首先，针对固-液耦合的充液航天器姿态控制系统，选用滑模变结构控制来削弱液体大幅晃动的非线性影响，并设计自适应更新律在线估计不确定参数来提高系统的鲁棒性。然后，考虑星载计算机资源的限制，设计相对阈值的事件触发机制来决定控制输入信号的更新，从而减少控制器与执行器之间的信号更新对通信网络的占用。最后，仿真结果表明，在液体大幅晃动下，所提控制策略不但可以使航天器姿态控制系统最终收敛到任意小的界内，而且可以减少96%的控制信号传输，减轻航天器的通信负载。